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I was quoted in this month's California Lawyer magazine regarding the steady persistence of wage and hour lawsuits here in California - even during these difficult economic times. The article, No Break In Worker Suits, can be read here.
The case Pellegrino v. Robert Half International, Inc..jpg)
(RHI) was brought by recruiters alleging that RHI failed to comply with Labor Code provisions pertaining to overtime compensation, commissions, meal periods, itemized wage statements, and unfair competition (under Business and Professions Code section 17200).
As defenses, RHI argued that Plaintiffs’ claims were barred because they all entered into agreements that shortened their statute of limitations down from four years to six months. RHI also argued that the Plaintiffs were exempt from wage and hour laws because the employees qualified for the administrative exemption. The appellate court, in agreeing with the lower trial court, dismissed RHI’s defense that the Plaintiffs’ agreed to a shorter statute of limitation on the grounds that this agreement violated public policy and is unenforceable.
The Administrative Exemption
Employers bear the burden to prove that the employee does not qualify for overtime of one and a half times the employee’s regular hourly rate for all work performed over eight hours in one day and/or all hours over 40 in one week. Employees can qualify for a number of different exemptions, and in this case RHI argued that the Plaintiffs were administrative employees.
In order to qualify for the administrative exemption, the court noted that the employer must prove that the employee must:
(1) perform office or non manual work directly related to management policies or general business operations’ of the employer or its customers,
(2) customarily and regularly exercise discretion and independent judgment,
(3) perform under only general supervision work along specialized or technical lines requiring special training or execute under only general supervision special assignments and tasks,
(4) be engaged in the activities meeting the test for the exemption at least 50 percent of the time, and
(5) earn twice the state’s minimum wage.
The employee must meet all five elements in order to be an exempt administrative employee.
The court explained, by quoting the applicable regulations, that:
“The phrase ‘directly related to management policies or general business operations of his employer or his employer’s customers’ describes those types of activities relating to the administrative operations of a business as distinguished from ‘production’ or, in a retail or service establishment, ‘sales’ work. In addition to describing the types of activities, the phrase limits the exemption to persons who perform work of substantial importance to the management or operation of the business of his employer or his employer’s customers.”
The court found that the evidence did not support RHI’s argument that the Plaintiffs were administrative employees. The court explained that the account executives were trained in sales and evaluated on how well they met sales production numbers – which are not exempt duties. The account executives were also primarily responsible for selling the services of RHI’s temporary employees to its clients. And when they were not selling, they were recruiting more candidates for RHI’s “inventory.” The account executives also followed a “recipe” established by the company which required the employees to rotate their duties ever week between a “sales week,” “desk week,” and recruiting week.” The employees did not develop any policy, but simply followed the company’s system of performing their job. The court finally noted that the Division of Labor Standards Enforcement (DLSE) previously opined that recruiters who worked in a recruiting company did not qualify for the administrative exemption (which can be read at the DLSE’s website here (PDF)). All of these facts supported the trial court’s finding that the employer failed to meet its burden that the account executives were administrative employees.
This case is a good reminder to employers that they must be careful about how employees are classified. Simply because the employee has a high-level title, or every employer in the particular industry has always treated this type of employee as an exempt employee does not mean that the employees are properly classified. Courts will strictly apply the applicable exemption element-by-element to determine whether or not the employer must pay the employee overtime and provide meal and rest breaks. Finally, employers must remember that they will bear the burden of proof when asserting in court that the employee is properly classified as an exempt employee.
The case, Pellegrino v. Robert Half International, Inc. can be downloaded here (PDF).
Despite your teachers, friends, boss, colleagues and family members telling yo
u otherwise, you are a linchpin. You are a genius that can succeed in the new economy. Seth Godin’s new book, Linchpin, sets out to challenge you to unlearn what school and society has rewarded in the past, and to let us all know that we are linchpins (if we make the choice to be).
I just finished reading an advance copy of Linchpin, and have to recommend the book to anyone who either manages people at work or for anyone who has to work for a living. I have read many of Seth’s other books which provide prophetic insight how the Internet and technology have changed marketing and business forever. Linchpin similarly argues that technology is changing the business world dramatically, but the book focuses more on what these changes mean for individuals, and the new opportunities and rewards for those who chose to be linchpins.
What is a linchpin?
The term is defined by the Merriam Webster dictionary as: “(1) a locking pin inserted crosswise (as through the end of an axle or shaft); (2) one that serves to hold together parts or elements that exist or function as a unit <the linchpin in the defense's case>.” Seth’s theme throughout the book is that a linchpin is an artist who challenges the status quo, and in doing so creates value, and in doing this become indispensible. An artist is not necessarily someone who creates a painting, but Seth says a lawyer, engineer, salesman, politician or a mid-level manager in a large company can all create art. Seth argues that “art is the ability to change people with your work, to see thing as they are and then create stories, images, and interactions that change the marketplace.”
Is it hard to be a linchpin?
Definitely. As Seth observes, “Nothing about becoming indispensable is easy. If it’s easy, it’s already been done and it’s no longer valuable.” But as Seth argues, in today’s world to be “successful” you have no choice but to be a linchpin. Not being a linchpin relegates a worker’s work into a commodity, which makes the worker easily replaceable by the next person who will do the work cheaper.
The book covers the shift in economics that the Internet has developed, which has opened up so much more opportunity. In the past, the bourgeoisie controlled the capital to invest in factories. The proletariat workers had little leverage in the equation because they do not possess the capital to create their own factories. Today, however, “the proletariat own the means of production.” With the new economy, we have to unlearn the factory mind-set that we have been programmed to live by over the last 100 years – which rewarded showing up for work and following the rules. The Internet has changed this.
While technology has changed the rules of the game, individuals need to make a choice. Society does not reward blind rule-following, but instead requires linchpins who do not have maps telling them what to do next. This is difficult, as we are conditioned by society to follow the status quo and to fit in. Linchpins understand this, and must continually fight off the tendency to give-up, conform and to take the easy path by simply following the rules (Seth refers to this tendency as the resistance).
What does this have to do with employment law?
Well, as a blogger, I have read Seth's blog for a couple of years. Before I read the book, I thought it would have no relationship to employment law what-so-ever. But, only a few pages into the book I realized that this book is a must read for managers and human resource professionals. Companies need to realize they now need linchpins within their organizations, and they need to allow employees room to be linchpins, instead of drowning out these productive individuals by forcing them to conform. Seth notes that “Great bosses and world-class organizations hire motivated people, set high expectations, and give their people room to become remarkable.” This book is not only a wake-up call to managers about what type of employee is needed in today's workplace.
Yes, the California Employment Law Report was recognized as a top 100 employment law blog in 2009. The Delaware Employment Law Blog published its top 100 employment law blogs, and the California Employment Law Report is honored to be recognized in such a distinguished list.
If you routinely deal with employment law issues across the country, the list of the 100 (plus 10) blogs is a great resource, and you should check the list out here and add a few of the blogs to your RSS reader.
Now all is needed is more time to publish posts to keep this standing in 2010.
In Roman v. Superior Court, the Court of Appeals upheld an arbitration agreement where the employee challenged the agreement by arguing that the agreement was unenforceable
because it only obligated the employee to arbitrate his claims. The court disagreed with plaintiff’s argument and explained that the mere inclusion of the words “I understand” or “I agree” does not destroy the mutuality of an arbitration agreement. Roman v. Superior Court, 172 Cal.App.4th 1462, 1473 (2009).
The arbitration agreement at issue in the case provided:
I hereby agree to submit to binding arbitration all disputes and claims arising out of the submission of this application. I further agree, in the event that I am hired by the company, that all disputes that cannot be resolved by informal internal resolution which might arise out of my employment with the company, whether during or after that employment, will be submitted to binding arbitration. I agree that such arbitration shall be conducted under the rules of the American Arbitration Association. This application contains the entire agreement between the parties with regard to dispute resolution, and there are no other agreements as to dispute resolution, either oral or written.
Id. at 1467 (citation omitted). The agreement was contained in an employment application and clearly provided: “Please Read Carefully, Initial Each Paragraph and Sign Below.” Plaintiff also initialed next to the paragraph that contained the arbitration agreement. The court found that simply because the agreement in that case was an adhesion contract (or on a “take-it-or-leave-it” basis), it still did not render the agreement unenforceable because the agreement was fair. Even though the agreement contained the words “I agree”, this did not render the arbitration agreement to only bind the employee and not the employer to the arbitration agreement.
The Roman court also noted that even if the agreement “were somehow ambiguous on this point, given the public policy favoring arbitration [citation] and the requirement we interpret the provision in a manner that renders it legal rather than void [citation], we would necessarily construe the arbitration agreement as imposing a valid, mutual obligation to arbitrate.” Roman, supra, 172 Cal.App.4th at p. 1473. Employers should consider the pros and cons of having employees enter into arbitration agreements, and as this case illustrates, courts are likely to enforce the agreement if it is properly drafted.
The HR blog Fistfull of Talent raises a concern I think a lot of HR professionals feel. See article “Hey Employment Law ‘Experts’, You’re Killing My Profession.” Kris Dunn expresses the all too common sentiment that employment lawyers are not advising their clients – but are rather scaring them into inaction. Kris uses the example of advice some lawyers are providing about whether or not companies should use social networking sites and Google to conduct background checks on job applicants. Taking the conservative approach, many lawyers, as Kris notes, advise against using these new technologies out of concern that it could create potential discrimination claims. (Side note to Kris – I warned awhile ago that companies should be using the Internet to conduct background checks.)
Kris’ analysis is right on for a number of reasons. First, lawyers are trained to point out the risks of any situation to properly advise their clients. Second, lawyers are notoriously behind the technology curve. Most do not know what “new” technologies are being used or how to use them, and this creates concern as anyone is scared about what they do not know about. 
Employment lawyers need to take heed of this critique. HR professionals have jobs to perform and companies to run. They need legal advice that helps them perform their jobs better – not scare them into failing to change and keeping up with the times.
Employment lawyers need to recognize that change entails risk. However, companies always have to change, and lawyers need to help companies navigate this risk, not prevent them from doing anything new.
Note to HR professionals
As you know, the HR profession is changing a lot given today’s new technologies. New issues are creating a lot of uncertainty. Issues such as how to use social networking sites to conduct background checks, monitoring employee’s internet use, and determining "hours worked" when employees always have a smart device on them.
When looking for legal advice about these issues, you need to be certain that your lawyer is familiar and up-to-date with the technology available. Does the lawyer who you are seeking legal advice from have a Twitter, Facebook, or LinkedIn account? Do they use an iPhone or Blackberry? If the answer to these questions are ‘no’ – don't be surprised if their advice is to avoid these “new” technologies.
Start-up companies are usually saving every penny and operating on small margins. Simply the cost of defending an employment lawsuit could bring the entire venture into jeopardy. Here is a list of ten common California employment law mistakes made by start-ups:
The California Supreme Court denied review of a lower appellate cou
rt decision in the class action of Chau v. Starbucks. The issue in the case is whether store managers, who as part of their duties also served customers, could share in the tips which were left for all servers. The trial court took the technical line that Labor Code section 351 prohibits any "agent" of the employer from sharing in tips. At the trial court level, plaintiffs won a $105 million award for restitution over the disputed tips for a four year period.
However, on appeal, this award was reversed. In a favorable ruling for employers, the appellate court took a more common sense reading of Labor Code section 351, explaining:
There is no decisional or statutory authority prohibiting an employer from allowing a service employee to keep a portion of the collective tip, in proportion to the amount of hours worked, merely because the employee also has limited supervisory duties. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment and order the trial court to enter judgment in Starbucks's favor.
The Supreme Court’s decision not to review the appellate court’s decision establishes that decision as precedent and binding in California. Click here for a more detailed analysis of the appellate court's decision.
However, employers are cautioned to review the appellate decision (and obtain legal advice) before allowing managers to share in tip sharing arrangements. For example, the Starbucks ruling involved the situation where there was a "collective tip box" that "a customer would necessarily understand the tip will be shared among the employees who provide the service” and that the managerial employee is part of the team that provided the service.
Human resource professionals and hiring managers have 
developed a better way to gain insight into new hire’s backgrounds: information posted in social networking sites. About two years ago, I was often asked whether it was legal to google a job applicant, or to review his or her information posted on the Internet. While some lawyers took the conservative approach to this “new technology”, it has become common practice to search applicant’s backgrounds on the Internet (see this post about Court's ruling that MySpace postings are not private). I’ve even made the case before that failure to do a simple Internet check could create liability for a company if the result could have easily informed the company that the applicant had a bad history.
However, there are two basic problems now: (1) there are too many sites to search, and (2) if someone has a common name it is impossible to narrow the search to that particular person.
Spokeo.com is a new company that basically makes these on-line background checks easier. Guy Kawasaki points out that this service can be very beneficial to an HR manager who is tasked with checking out applicants’ backgrounds by searching social networking sites. The key break through for the website is that it searches for an individual’s email address. This makes it very helpful to find particular information about an applicant that has a common name.
What is the cost?
It is $2.95 per month for one year, or $4.95 per month for three months. This seems well worth the cost to save hours searching social networking sites.
To try the service, click here.
Related articles:
Job Applicants Asked To Provide Their Passwords To Social Networking Sites
employer believes that they are either useless or are not needed in small to medium sized companies. Enter keywords:
